TIPS AND TRICK STRUCTURE IN TOEFL
The Structure section
contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and
grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a
variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any
specific field of study.
When topics
have a national context, they refer to the United States or Canadian history,
culture, art, or literature. However, you do not need to have a prior knowledge
of these contexts to answer the structural or grammatical points being tested.
Before completing these practice
questions,you might wish to print out an
answer sheet.
Directions and Practice Questions for Section 2
Following are directions and examples of the types of
questions you will find in the Structure
and Written Expression section of the TOEFL® test. If you would
like to see the correct answers for the Structure and Written Expression
questions, use the answer key
to check your answers.
This section is designed to measure your ability to
recognize language that is appropriate to use in standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for
each type.
Structure
Directions:
Questions 1–4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or
phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer
sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds
to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Look at the following
examples:
Example I
Geysers have often been compared
to volcanoes _______ they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth's surface.
- due to
- because
- in spite of
- regardless of
The sentence should read,
"Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot
liquids from below the Earth's surface." Therefore, you should choose
answer B.
Example II
During the early period of ocean
navigation, ________ any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.
- so that hardly
- where there hardly was
- hardly was
- there was hardly
The sentence should read,
"During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need
for sophisticated instruments and techniques." Therefore, you should
choose answer D.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Refrigerating meats ________
the spread of bacteria.
- retards
- retarding
- to retard
- is retarded
2. Throughout the animal
kingdom, ________ bigger than the elephant.
- whale is only the
- only the whale is
- is the whale only
- only whale is the
3. The fact ________ money
orders can usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment.
- of
- that
- is that
- which is
4. The first article of the
United States Constitution gives Congress ________ to pass laws.
- the power
- has the power
- the power is
- of the power
Tips
of structure in toefl:
Multiple
choice TOFL Structure can be tricky even if you know the correct answer. The following
Nine Step Plan is an approach to help you methodically answer these multiple
choice question.
1.
Read the quwstons carefully for both
meaning and structure, nothing any errors which you recognize immediately.
2.
Think of what the answer might be before
you look at the answer among the choices. When you think the answer first and
then find the answer among the choices, that answer is very likely to correct.
3.
Read the choices and try to select the
correct answer. However, don’t expect to recognize the correct answer
immediately. Remember do not panic. Your plan as TOEFL test taker should always
be to try to figure out the correct answer.
4.
Even if you think A or B is the correct
answer. Thoughtfully read and consider the reamining choices so that you are
absolutely certain that A or B is truly correct.
5.
Eliminate incorrect choices. Have a system
for noting the correct answer, possibly by circling the letter in your test
booklet, and for eliminating wrong answer, possible by putting an “x” over the
letter of the choice.
6.
Remember the five error areas that
explained in the review section. Carefully look at the whole sentence and the
way it is put together.
7.
Remember to assume that all
punctuaction, capitalization, and spelling on the test correct, and to ignore
anything that can not be corrected by the choice offered.
8.
Select your answer after narrowing down
your choices, pick the one you think is best. Always try to eliminate choices
before selesting an answer and marking it on your answer sheet.
9.
If you have absolutely no idea what the
correct answer may be, even after considering all the choices, guess.
VERB
TENSE
An understanding
of verb tenses is critical when taking the TOEFL structure. Considering the
many tense there are in any languange, this is not undue emphasis on verb
tenses. Though there are many tenses that can be tested, and many intricate
exceptions, don’t become overwhelmed with the extensive range of the berb
tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense is a goal, but is not needed to do
relatively well on the TOEFL sturture.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES ;
1.
Simple present
·
A general statement of fact ;
Example
: the earth is a sphere.
·
A habitual activity:
Example
: I always skip breakfeast.
·
A statement of something existing at the
time of speaking.
Example
: I hear you.
2.
Present Continuous Tense
·
A action happening now and action in the
future:
Example:
John is reading a book.
SIMPLE PAST
1.
Simple Past Tense:
·
An activity begun and completed at the
particular time in the past:
Example
: I went to college last year.
·
“After” and “before” clauses :
Example:
After she left, I went directly to bed.
They
arrived before I did.
2.
Past Continuous Tense
·
A actions or events in a time before now, which began in the
past and was still going on
at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in
the past.
Example:
I was watching TV when he phoned me.
SIMPLE FUTURE/BE GOING TO
1.
Simple Future Tense
·
Future activity:
Examples:
I will do that later.
I am going to do that later.
2.
Future Continuous Tense
·
A action at a particular moment
in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have
finished at that moment.
Example:
Don’t come to my house at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, beacuse I will be playing
tennis.
PERFECT TENSES
1.
Present perfect
·
An activity begun in the past and
contiuned into the present when used with since or for :
o
Since + a particular time
o
For + a duration of time
Examples : I
have studied French for ten years.
She has studied Spanish since 1989.
·
A repeated activity:
Example
: I have read four books this month.
·
An activity that happened at an
unspecified time in the past:
Example
: I have already visited China.
·
An activity in a time clause to
emphasize it has been completed before the main clause action begins:
Example:
I will go to the movies after I hae finished all my homework.
2.
Present Perfect Tense
·
an action was
completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that
the action extends to the present
Example: Jerry has never eaten strawberries before.
3.
Present
Perfect Continuous Tense.
·
an action that started in the past and stopped
recently. There is usually a result now.
Example : I have been working on the paper for three hours.
4.
Past perfect
·
A competed activity before another
activity in the past:
Example
: The had already left by the time I arried.
5.
Past Perfect tense
·
Expresses the idea that something
occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something
happened before a specific time in the past.
Example:
She had just come after he got there.
6.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
·
To show that something started in the
past and continued up until another time in the past.
Example
: They had been playing foot ball for two hours when there was a terrible
storm.
7.
Future Perfect
·
An activity to be completed before another
activity in the future:
Example
: They will have left by the time I arrive.
8.
Future Perfect Tense
·
Expresses the idea that something will
occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will
happen before a specific time in the future.
Example:
I will have bought a new car, when you came here again next week.
9.
Future Perfect Continuous
·
To show that something will continue up
until a particular event or time in the future.
Example:
Betty will have been playing tennis for 7 hours by the end of this day.
Perhaps
the most tedious activity of a learner of English is learning the parts of
irregular verbs. For this TOEFL structure, you will generally need to select
the correct verb tense. Incorrect verb forms are occasionally given for problem
irregular verbs, such as rise/raise and lie/lay.
Review
the following verbs so you will feel confident when you are dealing with verb
tenses on the structure section. As an aid to learning, verns with three
different forms are indicated by a (+) and verbs with all forms the same are
indicated by a(=). The remaining unmarked verbs have one different form.
Sumber :
Upgrade Toefl Score/; Penyunting,
Anggia Eka.-Cet.1.- Jakarta: Cmedia, 2012.
http://www.ets.org/toefl/pbt/about/content/
