TUGAS SOFTSKIL BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

TIPS AND TRICK STRUCTURE IN TOEFL

The Structure section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

When topics have a national context, they refer to the United States or Canadian history, culture, art, or literature. However, you do not need to have a prior knowledge of these contexts to answer the structural or grammatical points being tested.

Before completing these practice questions,you might wish to print out an answer sheet.

Directions and Practice Questions for Section 2

Following are directions and examples of the types of questions you will find in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL® test. If you would like to see the correct answers for the Structure and Written Expression questions, use the answer key to check your answers.

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate to use in standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

Structure

Directions: Questions 1–4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following examples:

Example I

Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes _______ they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth's surface.

1. due to
2. because
3. in spite of
4. regardless of

The sentence should read, "Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth's surface." Therefore, you should choose answer B.

Example II

During the early period of ocean navigation, ________ any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.

1. so that hardly
2. where there hardly was
3. hardly was
4. there was hardly

The sentence should read, "During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques." Therefore, you should choose answer D.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Refrigerating meats ________ the spread of bacteria.

1. retards
2. retarding
3. to retard
4. is retarded

2. Throughout the animal kingdom, ________ bigger than the elephant.

1. whale is only the
2. only the whale is
3. is the whale only
4. only whale is the

3. The fact ________ money orders can usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment.

1. of
2. that
3. is that
4. which is

4. The first article of the United States Constitution gives Congress ________ to pass laws.

1. the power
2. has the power
3. the power is
4. of the power

Tips of structure in toefl:

            Multiple choice TOFL Structure can be tricky even if you know the correct answer. The following Nine Step Plan is an approach to help you methodically answer these multiple choice question.

1.      Read the quwstons carefully for both meaning and structure, nothing any errors which you recognize immediately.

2.      Think of what the answer might be before you look at the answer among the choices. When you think the answer first and then find the answer among the choices, that answer is very likely to correct.

3.      Read the choices and try to select the correct answer. However, don’t expect to recognize the correct answer immediately. Remember do not panic. Your plan as TOEFL test taker should always be to try to figure out the correct answer.

4.      Even if you think A or B is the correct answer. Thoughtfully read and consider the reamining choices so that you are absolutely certain that A or B is truly correct.

5.      Eliminate incorrect choices. Have a system for noting the correct answer, possibly by circling the letter in your test booklet, and for eliminating wrong answer, possible by putting an “x” over the letter of the choice.

6.      Remember the five error areas that explained in the review section. Carefully look at the whole sentence and the way it is put together.

7.      Remember to assume that all punctuaction, capitalization, and spelling on the test correct, and to ignore anything that can not be corrected by the choice offered.

8.      Select your answer after narrowing down your choices, pick the one you think is best. Always try to eliminate choices before selesting an answer and marking it on your answer sheet.

9.      If you have absolutely no idea what the correct answer may be, even after considering all the choices, guess.

VERB TENSE

An understanding of verb tenses is critical when taking the TOEFL structure. Considering the many tense there are in any languange, this is not undue emphasis on verb tenses. Though there are many tenses that can be tested, and many intricate exceptions, don’t become overwhelmed with the extensive range of the berb tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense is a goal, but is not needed to do relatively well on the TOEFL sturture.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES ;

1.      Simple present

·         A general statement of fact ;

Example : the earth is a sphere.

·         A habitual activity:

Example : I always skip breakfeast.

·         A statement of something existing at the time of speaking.

Example : I hear you.

2.      Present Continuous Tense

·         A action happening now and action in the future:

Example: John is reading a book.

SIMPLE PAST

1.      Simple Past Tense:

·         An activity begun and completed at the particular time in the past:

Example : I went to college last year.

·         “After” and “before” clauses :

Example: After she left, I went directly to bed.

They arrived before I did.

2.      Past Continuous Tense

·         A actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

Example: I was watching TV when he phoned me.

SIMPLE FUTURE/BE GOING TO

1.      Simple Future Tense

·         Future activity:

Examples: I will do that later.

                  I am going to do that later.

2.      Future Continuous Tense

·         A action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment.

Example: Don’t come to my house at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, beacuse I will be playing tennis.

PERFECT TENSES

1.      Present perfect

·         An activity begun in the past and contiuned into the present when used with since or for :

o   Since + a particular time

o   For + a duration of time

Examples : I have studied French for ten years.

                  She has studied Spanish since 1989.

·         A repeated activity:

Example : I have read four books this month.

·         An activity that happened at an unspecified time in the past:

Example : I have already visited China.

·         An activity in a time clause to emphasize it has been completed before the main clause action begins:

Example: I will go to the movies after I hae finished all my homework.

2.      Present Perfect Tense

·         an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present

Example: Jerry has never eaten strawberries before.

3.      Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

·         an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.

Example : I have been working on the paper for three hours.

4.      Past perfect

·         A competed activity before another activity in the past:

Example : The had already left by the time I arried.

5.      Past Perfect tense

·         Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Example: She had just come after he got there.

6.      Past Perfect Continuous Tense

·         To show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.

Example : They had been playing foot ball for two hours when there was a terrible storm.

7.      Future Perfect

·         An activity to be completed before another activity in the future:

Example : They will have left by the time I arrive.

8.      Future Perfect Tense

·         Expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Example: I will have bought a new car, when you came here again next week.

9.      Future Perfect Continuous

·         To show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future.

Example: Betty will have been playing tennis for 7 hours by the end of this day.

            Perhaps the most tedious activity of a learner of English is learning the parts of irregular verbs. For this TOEFL structure, you will generally need to select the correct verb tense. Incorrect verb forms are occasionally given for problem irregular verbs, such as rise/raise and lie/lay.

            Review the following verbs so you will feel confident when you are dealing with verb tenses on the structure section. As an aid to learning, verns with three different forms are indicated by a (+) and verbs with all forms the same are indicated by a(=). The remaining unmarked verbs have one different form.

Sumber :

Upgrade Toefl Score/; Penyunting, Anggia Eka.-Cet.1.- Jakarta: Cmedia, 2012.

http://www.ets.org/toefl/pbt/about/content/